Analysis Of Rene Descartes s The Second Meditation

During the Second Meditation, Rene Descartes begins to reevaluate everything he once thought to be true, due to our unreliable senses. He supports this statement by arguing that our senses often deceive us, that there is a separation between the mind and body and that reasoning should be the method of discovery. We typically use our senses to describe what an object is made up of. For example, if we are investigating a table, with our senses, we can tell by our vision that the table is there. We can touch the table with our hands to get an idea of what the table feels like. Descartes evaluates this logic more, only he does not use a table, he uses a piece of wax. From there, he identifies exactly what wax is with each sense. He comes to a conclusion that the wax is cold and hard, it smells like flowers, it looks yellow, it makes a rapping sound and tastes of honey. After melting the wax and rechecking all of its physical characteristics, Descartes realizes that everything about the wax has changed. The wax was now hot and wet, it has a faint smell, and it is a clear color and makes a splashing sound. Although the characteristics of the wax changed after it was melted, there was no doubt that this was still the very same piece of wax as before it was melted, despite the chemical change. This led Descartes to believe that our senses can deceive us. There are circumstances, like the wax, where what we think we know to be true is actually false. The purpose of this experimentShow MoreRelatedThe Dream Inside Of A Dream By Christopher Nolan1683 Words   |  7 PagesFinal Paper: Descartes The possibility of having a dream inside of a dream is an idea that has been discussed far and wide. However, before Inception came out in 2010 by director Christopher Nolan, many people in the modern world may not have ever considered this idea. Nonetheless, this idea of â€Å"a dream inside a dream† has been around since 1640, when Rene Descartes published Meditations. In Inception, Christopher Nolan uses Descartes ideas to enhance the storyline of his film. In this paperRead MoreProposed Seven Philosophers On The Existence Of God And Their Development Of These Ideas1413 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophers are as follows: (1) Socrates, (2) Plato, (3) Aristotle, (4) Francis Bacon, (5) St. Augustine, (6) Thomas Aquinas, and (7) Rene DesCartes. The specific three I want to focus on being; St. Augustine, Thomas Aquinas and Rene Descartes. Lastly, I will proceed to relate their ideas on the existence of God and their development of these ideas. St. Augustine s epistemology is rationalization. In his argument for the existence of God, he is referring to varying degrees of perfection otherwiseRead MoreA Brief Biography of Rene Descartes1580 Words   |  6 Pagesworks of philosopher Rene Descartes, who had endorsed the mechanistic conception of the world and the human body by coining notions such as mind, substance, and the knowledge argument; although his notions were not always accepted, he managed to provide valid support. Born in France, Rene Descartes, dubbed The Father of Modern Philosophy was, in a way, a Renaissance man having contributed influence amongst subjects such science, mathematics, psychology, and philosophy. Descartes was the medium ofRead MoreEssay on Descartes Failure4852 Words   |  20 PagesDescartes Failure In his Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes strives first and foremost to provide an infallibly justified foundation for the empirical sciences, and second to prove the existence of God. I will focus on the first and second meditations in my attempt to show that, in his skepticism of the sources of knowledge, he fails to follow the rules he has set out in the Discourse on Method. First I claim that Descartes fails to draw the distinction between pure sensation andRead MoreLanguage and the Destiny of Man12402 Words   |  50 PagesÅžtefan Afloroaei / Descartes and the â€Å"metaphysical dualism† Descartes and the â€Å"metaphysical dualism†: Excesses in interpreting a classic* Al.I. Cuza University of Iasi Abstract The article focuses on one of the most serious accusations brought against Descartes and modern philosophy, namely â€Å"the dualism of substance†. The accusers claim that the human body and soul were viewed as completely separate; consequently, their relationship as such and the united being of man become incomprehensible. AsRead MoreEssay on The Philosophy of Cognitive Science2158 Words   |  9 Pagesphilosophical tradition and several solutions have been proposed. Such solutions are properly philosophical or require a scientific approach. First, I will expound the philosophical solution to the MBP proposed by Descartes, to be followed by an exposition of Ryles criticisms to the solution. Second, from Ryles criticism, I will deduce a scientific solution to the MBP related to the neural framework model of mind in cognitive science by means of what I call the principle of the embodiment of the mindRead MoreSociology and Suicide3277 Words   |  14 Pagesidentify t he social nature of suicide. This was facilitated through the availability of suicide-rate statistical data collated from a variety of societies located within European countries. From this quantitative research, now termed ‘multivariate analysis’, he devised three conclusions. Within single societies the incidence or rate of suicide remains constant over time, the suicide rate varies between societies and that the suicide rate varies between different groups within the same society. HoweverRead MoreCompilation of Mathematicians and Their Contributions11615 Words   |  47 PagesNationality: French Contributions: * Mersenne primes. * Introduced several innovating concepts that can be considered as the basis of modern reflecting telescopes: 1. Instead of using an eyepiece, Mersenne introduced the revolutionary idea of a second mirror that would reflect the light coming from the first mirror. This allows one to focus the image behind the primary mirror in which a hole is drilled at the centre to unblock the rays. 2. Mersenne invented the afocal telescope and the beamRead More Capitalism, Marketing, and the Insidious and Covert Co-optation of the Self6482 Words   |  26 Pageschoices of images for the avatars inhabiting cyberspace, in order to understand the dangers of the exchange of self-images for advertisements. To forge a set of alternative resistant and forceful conditions for imaging what Sherry Turkle has termed the second self, tactics based in imaging, language, and psychology can be opposed to the insidious and covert co-optation of the self by commodities. This essay is an attempt to examine the construction of alternative figures as models of resistance. The ManifestoRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesOxford University Press, 1974. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-226-52130-3 (pbk.) 1. Motion pictures—Semiotics. 2. Motion pictures— Philosophy. I. Title. PN1995.M4513 1991 791.43 014—dc20 90-46965 C1P The French edition of Christian Metz s Essais sur la signification au cinema, volume 1, was published by Editions Klincksieck in 1971,  © Editions Klincksieck, 1968. ÃŽËœThe paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence

Media And Its Effect On Society - 1866 Words

Introduction Media is where people today get most of their information. Children learn most of their gender rules through the television they watch. Media is a reflection of the society we live in. Advertising is a form of media. Since advertising is meant to appeal to society, it is a direct reflection of society. People of Color in Advertising The collage that accompanies this paper contains advertisements, articles, and pictures of gender being performed by women and men, and also contains advertisements that are targeted toward those of the male and female genders. These images were collected from several magazines as well as from the internet. Although multiple different sources were found to collect all of these images, and even though many of them perform gender or target gender in many different ways, there is one thing that remains consistent throughout advertising: there is a distinct lack of people of color. This was not done intentionally, but the images still came out with mostly white people. One could argue that of course the majority of the representation in advertising in America should be mostly white, since the population in the United States is prominently caucasian. Despite this, there is still not equivalent representing in advertising, at advertising on the internet and in magazines, to the people of c olor in America. In a society that is predominantly run by white people, the lack of advertising and representation toward people of color is notShow MoreRelatedMedia And Its Effects On Society976 Words   |  4 PagesIn today’s society if one were to walk down a populated sidewalk, it would seem merely impossible to spot a sole not twiddling away on their phone. With an entire world unfolding at their fingertips, we witness a society that has become addicted to media. Used as a powerful source of knowledge and entertainment, media plays an enormous role in the development of human life and gender distinction. Through the use of media, guidelines consisting of generated ideas and ways of living, affect both menRead MoreThe Media And Its Effect On The Society957 Words   |  4 Pageshis loyalty (Vaughn, 2013). The media emphasizes that the rising intensity of the rivalry is the main factor that is resulting in the increase of gang activities, but the lack of questioning by t he media on the possible causal factors that lead to the crime limits the understanding of the motives. The media misplaces confidence in the judgments of the SPD, by only questioning for details of the specific shooting and not the factors that may have caused it. The media simply accepting the SPD s claimRead MoreMedia And Its Effects On Society1709 Words   |  7 PagesViolence is much more socially acceptable in today’s society than it was hundreds of years ago, which is mostly caused by technological advances. As technology expanded, so did our generation’s tendency for violence. With all the breakthroughs in social interaction using technology, the media has become a large contributor to society. Coinciding with the first amendment to free speech, the media is a very valuable and powerful tool in spreading information when used for important purposes. HoweverRead MoreMedia And Its Effects On Society1236 Words   |  5 Pageswithout the average American engaging in some form of technology laced with advertisements, whether it be a minute long video prefacing a Yout ube video or a thirty second long Pandora audio commercial. A common theme emerges throughout these forms of media, the subordination of women. TV shows, video games, movies, and songs frequently portray women as objects, dehumanizing them by showing them as being subservient to men, or showing them as adhering to stereotypical behavior. On one hand, some argueRead MoreThe Media And Its Effect On Society1211 Words   |  5 PagesThe media plays a huge role in molding the public mind. The public has a collective thought process of the world and the media is always there to shape up that perception of the world. The Running Man takes place in a dystopian future where the masses are fully controlled by the Government and people are oblivious to their surroundings like a herd of sheep, steered any way the Network desires. The media is the largest outlet for propaganda and there are no competitors to the Network for they haveRead MoreMedia and Its Effects on Society1437 Words   |  6 PagesMedia and its Effects on Society Media plays a crucial role in our life nowadays. It serves as a bridge that connects people to the world, leading to a global exchange of information and knowledge. Media also offers platform for people to voice their thoughts on political and social issues, providing room for different perspectives. Unquestionably, media affects our life in nearly every ways. With a turn of a magazine page, a tune on a radio, or a flip of a TV channel, media somewhat plays a partRead MoreThe Media And Its Effect On Society1622 Words   |  7 Pageslife, or in people society, such as politicians or well-known actresses. Though they re still icons of our day, many people in our technological and media influenced days look toward television, film, books and other forms of arts. However, representation is not always fair nor is it proper when it comes to certain groups of human society. Many people who struggle with discrimination in their daily life, struggle with finding proper and real representatio n in our mainstream media. Minority representationRead MoreThe Media And Its Effect On Society1812 Words   |  8 Pagesthe use of technology has increased, and expanded. Mass media plays a vital role in society. Mass media can be defined as any means of communication, to an extremely large group of people. Technological advancements have been extremely beneficial for prior generations, the generation we now live in, and will be for the future generations to come. Such as, providing news for the world to hear, entertainment, and much more. Some examples of media would be television, films, newspapers, and the InternetRead MoreEffects Of The Media On Society2469 Words   |  10 PagesChapter 3: Effects of the Media Though war contributed to changes in society, the media was the driving factor behind changes including the fixation with beauty among women. Magazines had the ability to perpetuate the already emerging ideals. The idea of self-improvement became a very popular topic in the 1920s seen across all women’s magazines, contributing to the progression from the middle class women to the New Woman. This â€Å"New Woman† was one of beauty and fun with â€Å"admiration and lastingRead MoreMedia And Its Effect On Society Essay1892 Words   |  8 Pagesentertainment media have had a positive effect on society? Name Institution An evaluation of the last half decade shows that media and its influence on communities and society at large has expanded significantly with advancement of technology. It is apparent that in the world today, media has an influential role in the daily life of an individual. From the time that a person wakes up to the time they go to bed, they are surrounded in a world that has been developed by media. Initially there

Minimum Wage in California Research Paper Free Essays

Minimum wage is the minimum hourly, daily or monthly wage that must be paid to employees or workers. Each country sets its own minimum wage laws and regulations, and more than 90 percent of all countries have some kind of minimum wage legislation. In the United States, statutory minimum wages were first introduced nationally in 1938 (Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia). We will write a custom essay sample on Minimum Wage in California Research Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now The minimum wage was enacted in 1938 as part of the Fair Labor Standards Act. The first minimum wage was .25 an hour. This has increased over the years and the current federal minimum wage is $5.15 an hour (Minimum Wage from http://jobsearch.about.com/od/minimumwage/a/minimumwage.htm) California minimum wages is based on their law to be implemented and imposed for the employer to follow for the protection of both the employee and the employer. Body of the Paper The California State Senate and Assembly have approved legislation that would give 1.4 million minimum-wage earners a $1-an-hour raise and boost annual pay to keep up with inflation. The Federal Minimum Wage Labor Law for California stated that employees under 20 years of age may be paid $4.25 per hour during their first 90 consecutive calendar days of employment with an employer. Certain full-time students, student learners, apprentices, and workers with disabilities may be paid less than the minimum wage under special certificates issued by the Department of Labor. California law is strict and pitiless to employers who have improperly paid the workers less than $6.75 per hour. Not only that an employers entitled to pay the unpaid minimum wage pay, but also the interest and penalties as well. But, the right to collect unpaid minimum wage pay does not last forever. In fact, if u delays in claiming the unpaid wages, you risk of losing unpaid minimum wage for work occurring more than three years prior to your filing of a lawsuit. Although there are some exceptions, because almost all employees in California must be paid the minimum wage as required by state law. Effective January 1, 2002, the minimum wage in California is $6.75 per hour. There are some employees who are exempt from the minimum wage law, such as outside salespersons, individuals who are the parent, spouse, or child of the employer, and apprentices regularly indentured under the State Division of Apprenticeship Standards. (Minimum Wage Order, MW-2001). California Wage Law has an exception for learners, regardless of age, who may be paid not less than 85 percent of the minimum wage rounded to the nearest nickel during their first 160 hours of employment in occupations in which they have no previous similar or related experience. There are also exceptions for employees who are mentally or physically disabled, or both, and for nonprofit organizations such as sheltered workshops or rehabilitation facilities that employ disabled workers. Such individuals and organizations may be issued a special license by the Division of Labor Standards Enforcement authorizing employment at a wage less than the legal minimum wage (Minimum Wage Labor Code Sections 1191 and 1191.5). Minimum wage legislation may be interpreted as making it either unlawful for employers to pay workers less than the minimum wage, or unlawful for workers to provide labor or services for less than the minimum. White trade unions lobbied for the introduction of minimum wage laws to exclude black workers from the labor market. This minimum wage law prevents black workers from selling their labor for less than white workers, the black workers were prevented from competing for jobs held by whites although it is the employer who is fined and/or imprisoned for violations, and the workers also loses their freedom to do what they want for themselves. The minimum wage offers substantial benefits to low-wage workers without negative effect. The best recent research shown that the job loss reported in earlier analyses does not; occur when the minimum wage is increased. If the minimum wage were increased nationally to $7.25: almost 14.9 million workers would receive a raise, and 80 percent of those affected are adults age 20 or over, and 7.3 million children would see their parent’s income rise that can make the family’s income stable. Families with affected workers rely on those workers for over half of their earnings.46 percent of all families with affected workers rely solely on the earnings from those workers. Some minimum wage workers remain in low-wage jobs for substantial periods. The best recent research on the economic impact of the minimum wage shows positive effects without job loss. Even the research that suggests a negative labor market effect shows only a minimal impact that is more than offset by the higher wage levels. The states that have adopted higher-than-federal minimum wages have seen low-wage workers incomes rise with no negative side-effects. Over 650 economists, including five Nobel Prize winners and six past presidents of the American Economics Association, recently signed a statement stating that federal and state minimum wage increases â€Å"can significantly improve the lives of low-income workers and their families, without the adverse effects that critics have claimed† (EPI 2006). Conclusion Starting   January 1, 2002, the minimum wage in California is $6.75 per hour it is strictly imposed and implemented by Law to be follow by all the businesses both public and private sectors. In this Minimum Wage law there is the difference between the state and federal minimum wage? It stated that most employers in California are subject to both the federal and state minimum wage laws. The effect of this dual coverage is that when there are conflicting requirements in the laws, the employer must follow the strict standard; the one that is the most beneficial to the employee. Since California’s current law requires a higher minimum wage rate than does the federal law, all employers in California who are subject to both laws must pay the state minimum wage rate unless their employees are exempt under California law. The minimum wage is an obligation of the employer and cannot be waived by any agreement, including collective bargaining. And in this law any remedial legislation written for The protection of employees may not be violated by agreement between the employer and employee (Minimum Wage, Civil Code Sections 1668 and 3513). California law of minimum wage stated that there is no distinction made between adults and minors when it comes to payment. And an employer may not use employee’s tips as a credit towards its obligation to pay the minimum wages If the employer doesn’t pay the employee it is also stated in the law that an employee can file a lawsuit in court against the employer to recover the lost wages and it is the duty of the court to order the employer to pay the attorney’s fees, and if your not working for this employer, you can make a claim for the waiting time penalty pursuant to Minimum Wage Labor Code section Today, the earnings of a full-time minimum wage worker with a family of three would earn $10,712 a year, thus falling below the official 2006 federal poverty level of $16,600. Although the federal poverty line is an inadequate measure of the income needed to support a family, this comparison highlights the severe insufficiency of the current minimum wage (Fisher 1999). Finally, the earnings of minimum wage workers are essential to their families’ total income. While not all minimum wage workers are poor or are the sole breadwinner for their families, it is striking how important low-wage workers’ income is to their economic well-being. On average, families with affected workers rely on those workers for over half (59%) of the  Families’ total earnings. Nearly half (46%) of all families with an affected worker rely solely on the earnings of those workers. References: Laws of Minimum Wage in California, Retrieved November 18, 2006 from http://www.mcmillanlaw.us/California_Overtime_Law/California_minimum_wage.htm Minimum Wage, Retrieved November 18, 2006 from http://jobsearch.about.com/od/minimumwage/a/minimumwage.htm Minimum Wage, Retrieved November 18 from Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia Minimum Wage in California, Retrieved November 18, 2006 from http://www.dol.gov/esa/minwage/america.htm ; How to cite Minimum Wage in California Research Paper, Essays

Relative Merits Of Loan Capital Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: What Are The Relative Merits Of Loan Capital Over Share Capital? Answer: The influence to borrow is of immense magnitude to the company, and business borrowingbenefit from some unique individuality. Loan capital and share capital are two types of borrowing currency for a corporation. Kinds of borrowing by credit funds are debentures, credit of corporate assets and belongings, unsecured loans, overdrafts and bills of exchange. The share capital characterizes how much the business is valued (Cummings and Durrani 2016). Share capital is that division of the companys assets that is made obtainable by the members who have subscribed for carve up in the company, which in fact is usually worth less than the companys total property and should be distinguished from loan capital. An example can facilitate the problem or the topic to show how loan capital is headed the share capital. In this case, Black Books plc is bearing in mind methods of raising or protecting loan capital. There are certain advantages for raising loan capital rather than share capital. First, loan capital permits them to maintain the tenure of their assets and at the same time assists them in reaching monetary help as well they own so the land, which is mortgage (Rsch and Scheule 2016). Loan capital unlike share capital, does not split ownership so Black Books plc has the entire ownership. The debenture holder is very muchmore of an outcast. In addition, there is no necessary for anyone to vend or leave his property in order to dump some money. An important point is that interest payments on the mortgage are free from taxes. Repayments should be predefined and should allow them to plan their financial plan. Moreover, lender will check the presentation of commerce but will have no control over the business. In addition, once loan resources are repaid, it will benefit to earn profit. On the other hand, investor will still anticipate a share of income. Lastly, debenture holder has to disc harge the possession once loan repaid (Chen and Zhang 2017). On the other hand, there some disadvantages of raising loan capital. Firstly, repayments have to be made separately from of making earnings or not. On the other hand, shareholder will not obtain dividends until commerce makes a profit. Interest to be paid, will influence profit. In addition, the corporation will not be able to sell the land to third party until loan is repaid. The risk of them ending up or losing their assets increases significantly. Finally, catalog security charge. An issue of debenture document which implies to recognize a credit bargain between a company and a creditor. A debenture holder is entitled to obtain recompense of the sums due to him, whether they are major or interest; the set holder irrespective of whether or not the debtor company is in profit (Podder and Haque 2016). When a company wishes to hoist finance, especially long-term finance, it will almost unsurprisingly be obliged to give safety for the amount it wishes to borrow. An action by a secured creditor to understand a security attention will normally be impracticable until the debtor company fall short to meet its compulsions under the terms of the debenture agreement. Nonetheless, where a business borrows capital by way of an overdraft provision, the overdraft may be expressed to be repayable on requirements. Reference: Chen, Z. and Zhang, R.Q., 2017. Capital flow constrained lot sizing problem with loss of goodwill and loan.arXiv preprint arXiv:1708.08098. Cummings, J.R. and Durrani, K.J., 2016. Effect of the Basel Accord capital requirements on the loan-loss provisioning practices of Australian banks.Journal of Banking Finance,67, pp.23-36. Podder, J. and Haque, T.H., 2016. The Impact of Capital Buffers on Future Loan Growth, Interest Income and Tier 1 Capital Ratios. Rsch, D. and Scheule, H., 2016. The role of loan portfolio losses and bank capital for Asian financial system resilience.Pacific-Basin Finance Journal,40, pp.289-305.

Consumer Behavior in South Korea and Australia

Consumer behavior varies according to countries and markets. This paper will analyse the consumer behavior of two countries, and where they differ. The two countries to be analysed are South Korea and Australia. Culture influences the behavior of a given market.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Consumer Behavior in South Korea and Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is a need to analyse a market before doing business in that market. Australia and South Korea are two countries that differ in culture. South Korea consumers are known to be homogeneous in character, and in the way they purchase products. This is evident, especially when it comes to food consumption. The specific products that will be analysed in this paper is that of cosmestic products that are used by women. Women have been using cosmetics since time immemorial to enhance their attractiveness. Attractive women are thought to be intellig ent, socially acceptable, confident about themselves, and seem to have professional success. Women spend on cosmetics for mainly emotional reasons. They hope to avoid guilt of not paying attention to their looks. Women prefer cosmetic brands based on packaging, effectiveness on use and sensorial experiences like smell, smoothness or coolness (Majumdar, 2010). South Korea is estimated to be the biggest per capita market for cosmetics and cosmetic procedures. The figures stand at an astounding 20% between the ages of 19 and 49 in Seoul, who have gone through cosmetic surgery (plastic), laser hair removal and Botox (Botolinum Toxin Type A). This chemical is is injected into muscles and used to improve the look of moderate to severe frown lines between the eyebrows (Tyagi, Kumar, 2009).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Koreans are obsessed with these procedures. It is found out that 16% of South Koreans go for surgery as compared to about 6.2% in Australia, meaning Koreans represent one among the highest numbers in the world. Reasons behind South Korea’s rise in cosmetic surgery specifically is the adoption of pop culture with the desire to look like popular celebrities like Michael Jackson. Australia, on the other hand, represents a different consumer market altogether. Women in Australia spend more because of brand loyalty, coupled with the fact that they perceive these products to be of high quality. Australia has been experiencing for the last few years a bit of decelerating economic growth like any western country which has greatly impacted of consumer spending. The working middle class population has been spending less because their disposable income has been coming down. In some industries, there has been lay offs due to low demand for their goods, whereas in some, workers have had to content with salary reduction to reduce the wage bill on company finances being squeezed every other day. Cosmetic consumers have had to reduce, therefore, to the bear minimum requirements or completely abandon expenditure, thus, become luxury in this market. Food and other basic necessities like servicing mortgage, medicine, and clothing have taken precedence (Samli, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Consumer Behavior in South Korea and Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the contrary, consumers of cosmetics in South Korea are growing every other day in numbers. The country has been experiencing double-digit growth in the GDP with the economy creating jobs. Companys have been posting improved profitability out of increased sales and high business turnover therefore able to higher more. Fourthermore, new industries are coming up, new trades increasese in public spending and, improved communication through all channels (phone, social media, general inte rnet, mass media), whereby manufacturers have been able to reach more potential consumers via advertisements. Adverts, especially towards working class, upper middle and the affluent has been so intense so much so that even manufacturers are giving free gifts with some amount of purchase. This has greatly improved market penetration (Lake, 2009). References Lake, L 2009, Consumer behavior for dummies, John Wiley Sons, New York. Majumdar, H 2010, Consumer behavior: Insights from Indian Market. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Samli, AC 2006, International consumer behavior: Its impact on marketing strategy development, Greenwood Publishing Group, London.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Tyagi, CL, Kumar, A 2009, Consumer behavior, Atlantic Publishers Distributors, Atlanta. This report on Consumer Behavior in South Korea and Australia was written and submitted by user Shayla R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Definition and Examples of the Amelioration of Words

Definition and Examples of the Amelioration of Words Definition In linguistics, amelioration is the upgrading or elevation of a words meaning, as when a word with a negative sense develops a positive one. Also called melioration or elevation. Amelioration is less common than the opposite historical process, called  pejoration. See Examples and Observations below. See also: EtymologyFive Words That May Not Mean What You Think They MeanHow Word Meanings ChangeLanguage ChangeSemantic ChangeStatus-Word EtymologyFrom the Latin, better. Examples and Observations NiceThe word nice is a classic example of amelioration . . .. This is a rare occurrence, compared with the opposite process of pejoration, or downgrading.The meaning of nice when it first appeared in Middle English (about 1300) was (of persons or their actions) foolish, silly, simple; ignorant, senseless, absurd. . . . A shift away from disparagement began in the 1500s, with such meanings as requiring or involving great precision or accuracy. . . .The movement toward amelioration reached its apex in the 1800s with such meanings as kind and considerate, friendly.(Sol Steinmetz, Semantic Antics: How and Why Words Change Meanings. Random House, 2008)DizzyA possible example of amelioration during ME [Middle English] might be, depending on ones viewpoint, the word dizzy. In OE [Old English] it meant foolish, a meaning that survives marginally in such expressions as a dizzy blonde; but by ME its primary meaning was suffering from vertigo.(C. M. Millward and Mary Hayes, A Biography of the E nglish Language, 3rd ed. Wadsworth, 2011) Amelioration and DeteriorationAmelioration, whereby a word takes on favorable connotations and deterioration whereby it takes on pejorative associations, are often telling indications of social change. There is a particularly pregnant category ably defined by C.S. Lewis as the moralization of status words (1960) . . .. By this process terms originally denoting status and class slowly acquired moral connotations, favorable and otherwise, evaluative of the moral conduct commonly attributed to that class. Hence, villain, a medieval serf, and Anglo-Saxon ceorl, still lower in the hierarchy, deteriorated to villain and churlish, while noble and gentle, predictably, rose in moral connotations. In more recent times, the steady amelioration of ambitious and aggressive reveals a change in attitude towards those who seek advancement or success in a highly competitive fashion.(Geoffrey Hughes, Words in Time: A Social History of the English Vocabulary. Basil Blackwell, 1988)Amelioration and Verb icideSometimes amelioration involves weakening of an originally strongly negative meaning: so, annoy is from Late Latin inodiare to make loathsome, in turn from the Latin phrase mihi in odio est it is hateful to me . . .. Likewise, terribly and awfully have weakened to become alternatives for very. [Geoffrey] Hughes (1988) associates this type of amelioration with the popular press, and labels it verbicide, citing tragedy which can now, in journalistic usage, be applied to an earthquake killing thousands or to a missed goal in football.(April M. S. McMahon, Understanding Language Change. Cambridge University Press, 1999) Pronunciation: a-MEEL-ya-RAY-shun

Greenhouse gasses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Greenhouse gasses - Essay Example Some greenhouse gases originate from natural sources. Typical, evaporation adds water vapor into the atmosphere. Animals release CO2 when they breathe, or respire while methane is released from some low-oxygen environs naturally, such as swamps. In the other hand, nitrous oxide is formed by certain processes in water and soil. Volcanoes - both under the ocean and on land - release greenhouse gases, hence periods of high volcanic activity level tend to be warmer. From the time of the Industrial Revolution in the late 1700s to early 1800s, mankind have been releasing large amounts of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere (King, 2010). That amount has rose steeply in the previous century. Greenhouse gas emissions augmented by 70% between 1970 and 2004. CO2 emission, the most significant greenhouse gas, rose by around 80% during that time. The quantity of atmospheric CO2 today far exceeds the normal range seen over the previous 650,000 years (Steinberg, 1998). Big amount of the CO2 that human being put into the atmosphere originates from burning fossil fuels. Vehicles, trucks, trains, machinery, and planes all combust fossil fuels. Most electric power plants do, also. Another way humans discharge CO2 into the atmosphere involves by cutting down trees, because trees hold large amounts of carbon through photosynthesis. People increase methane to the atmosphere by livestock farming, landfills, and relic fuel production such as natural gas processing and coal mining. Nitrous oxide comes from fossil fuel burning and agriculture. Fluorinated gases include hydro-chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). These gases are used in refrigeration and aerosol cans (Steinberg, 1998). All of these human practices add greenhouse gases to the Earth’s atmosphere. As the level of greenhouse gases rises, so does the Earth’s temperature. The rise in Earth’s

Criminal justice and crime problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal justice and crime problem - Essay Example A special report of the Bureau of Justice Statistics released in 2000 showed the number of violent women offenders as being 14% of the total, while they formed 22% of all arrestees. (Special report 2000). But this gap is closing and experts estimate that in about ten or 20 years, the statistics on crime for men and women will be equal, largely due to the fact that women are now more involved in what is going on in the world than they were a generation ago. According to behavioral experts, contrary to the popular conception of women as nurturers, they have as great a tendency as men to be violent. The only difference between the two sexes is that they need greater incentives before they take to violence. (Yeoman, 1999). However, present rates for women offenders are still considerably lower than males and many reasons have been put forward to explain this differential rate of offending. While some rest their theories on the gender profiling of society, others point to the fact that wo men resort to crime only when they are forced into it because of poverty, drug addiction or other compelling factors rather than any natural inclination to be violent. Albert Bandura (1973) examined the tendency to violence in both male and female children, in order to study the effect of violent TV programs upon young children. In his experiment, both girls and boys were given dolls and asked to play with them. While boys demonstrated more violent behavior and girls tended to play peacefully with the dolls, Bandura found that the scenario changed when incentive was offered for being violent and destructive to the dolls. In such a case, the girls turned out to be as violent as the boys. This led Bandura to speculate that it was the gender conditioning of girls that led them to gravitate away from violence, since aggression was frowned upon in girls. The females in society were expected to be docile and submissive, nurturing and caring rather than aggressive and

Ports of Auckland industrial dispute and Part B as well Assignment

Ports of Auckland industrial dispute and Part B as well - Assignment Example e Port of Auckland wanted to compete with its closest rival, which is the Port of Tauranga by increasing its operational efficiency and increasing its production levels (Ports of Auckland, 2012). Ideally, any worker belonging to a union has the right to negotiate for an employment contract as provided in the collective employment agreement on meaning that the Port of Auckland employees were within their rights to seek a renewal of their contracts through their union (Blackstock, 2012). During the course of the strike action by the Port of Auckland employees, several parties developed an interest in the case, each citing various reasons for their involvement in the matter. In this part of the research, this essay will identify the various parties involved in the dispute and outline the key issues that propelled this action. Further, the focus will be on collective bargaining strategies and tactics used by the interested parties to the industrial action and the four conflict theories that are relevant in explaining the dialogue process and are able to influence the outcomes of industrial disputes. The principleparty involved in the dispute were the workers whose employment contracts had ended and their families as this action affected directly as compared to any other party. The second party whose involvement could not be avoided was the port itself, meaning that the Ports of Auckland had to be a party to the dispute. Ideally, the port began operations in 1988, and has grown to be one of the largest ports in New Zealand, as its location is in one of the principle cities in the country (Ports of Auckland, 2012). Ownership and control of the port is by the Auckland Council Investments Ltd, which holds significant shares in the port. The third party to the dispute was the Maritime Union of New Zealand in which its chief mandate was to spearhead the negotiations for their members to their employer (MUNZ, 2013). The union is a result of a merger in 2002 between

Shock Probation in the US Correctional System

Shock Probation in the US Correctional System Abstract In an effort to reduce prison overcrowding and recidivism rates state legislators devised a new and innovative plan called shock probation. Fearing that a lengthy sentence given to a first time, non-violent offender may drive him/her to a life of crime; the program would give an inmate the ability appeal their case to a judge. Once the inmates case is heard and if the appeal is accepted, the sentence could be reduced from years to months. In late 1965 Ohio became the first state to enact this new program, other states such as Alabama, Texas, and Kentucky would soon follow. Believing that the first few months of ones prison sentence is the worst, law makers wanted to use this mentality in order to rehabilitate an individual to societal norms and lower the rates associated with re-offending. Recently shock probation has been used in conjunction with prison boot camp programs, where an inmate has a reduced sentence upon completion of a military-style boot camp. The controversy surroundi ng shock probation lies in the manner in which it is handed down. During the programs infancy it was common for judges to refuse 10 cases for every 1 case they accepted; now even the most violent offenders are being released under this statue. The Role of Shock Probation in the United States Correctional System A Review The overcrowding of the United States Department of Corrections prison system, in both adult and juvenile facilities is one of the biggest problems facing corrections today. The problem exists on multiple levels including the courts, prisons, and community corrections alike. When questioned judges agree that the numbers are high but are forced to use programs as a means to alleviate overcrowding in jails and prisons; in many cases the state mandates these conditions leaving judges little ability to enforce harsher punishments. Often prosecutors have used shock probation as a bargaining chip in order to get defendants to plead guilty. Shock probation enjoyed early success; Ohio saw a 9% recidivism rate compared to the national average of 65 to 80 % (Time , 1973). However, more recently in a 2007 study done by the Courier Journal of Jefferson County, Kentucky found that of 260 shock probationers 120 have arrested or charged again. Of those charged more than 60% were for felonies such a s rape, armed robbery, drug possession, and murder. This review examines the effectiveness of shock probation and examines the following issues. 1. Recidivism rates. 2. Economic impact, prison versus probation. 3. The impact of shock probation when paired with prison boot camps. Recidivism Rates One of the problems facing shock probation today is the way it is handed down. In fact nearly two thirds of felony offenders who received shock probation last year have been rearrested or returned to prison for violating the conditions of their release (Mark Motivans, 2010). These statistics would indicate the program doesnt work or it is being handed down to the wrong people. In most cases a subjects criminal history is reviewed by a judge before determining whether they would be deemed a good candidate under the shock probation program, preferring they dont have a long prison term to serve. John Faine, a Western Kentucky University professor who studied shock probation in the 1970s said the statistics concerning recidivism are horrifying and out of control, especially given the amount of offenders committing felonies (Riley, 2007). In a similar study done by the U.S Department of Corrections found that when shock probation is handed down to non-violent offenders under the correct conditions there is just a 9% re-offender rate; this is in support of the 1973 Time Magazine study. However, in a case involving a probationer of the Kentucky penal system was released in 1998 under the conditions of shock probation only to have it revoked five days later. He would serve another two years (all on drug charges) before returning to prison again in 2001 and in 2003 and yet once more last year only to have shock probation handed down a second time in his release(www.e-archives.ky.gov). It is clearly evident that if programs like this are going to have any success treatment programs and drug counseling are needed in follow up to the release of these cases. Sentence types for offenders sentenced in criminal cases terminated, by offense, October 1, 2007-September 30, 2008 Total offenders Most serious offense of conviction sentenced Incarceration Probation All offenses 82,823 77.9 % 11.7 % 3.4 % Felonies 75,832 83.9 % 8.9 % 0.4 % Shock Probation 5 Violent offenses 2,442 93.4 % 4.5 % 0.1 % Drug offenses 26,323 91.7 % 3.9 % 0.3 % Trafficking 26,198 91.8 % 3.8 % 0.3% Other drug offenses 125,492 62.4 % 28.0 % 4.0 % Note. The statistics on criminal cases show the overwhelming number of incarcerated drug offences as opposed to other crimes. The statistics are from Mark Motivans, Ph.D. (2010). Federal Justice Statistics, 2008- Statistical Tables. Office of Justice Programs. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved from http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetailiid=1745 . Economic impact, Prison versus probation Only Medicaid has a greater budget spending plan then the United States Correctional System which outspends both transportation and education. Even with a decreasing crime rate the number of people incarcerated, on probation, or paroled has risen over the past decade commanding a budget of more than 47 billion to accommodate the numbers (Solomon Moore, 2009). Each State spends on average of $29,000 on prison inmates as opposed to $1,473 on probationers and $3150 on those on parole (Mark Motivans, 2010).The average daily cost to the tax payers is about $3.00 a day to monitor a parolee; however, state legislators still push for more prisons despite the significant difference in cost; in their view the only way to address the public demand in combating crime is to build more prisons. Recidivism rates remain high despite the budget of the correctional system. The decision to sentence an offender to long term incarceration has to be thought carefully, too often it is the drug crimes that clog jail and prison cells. The amount of case loads that are being handled by parole officers can sometimes exceed 70 (Cook, 2008 ) at one time, and despite recent cutbacks, state and localities are not allocating the proper funds or staffing needed to provide adequate supervision. Offenders who do not receive proper supervision are more likely to commit new crimes with new victims or will be found in violation of the conditions of supervision, in turn will fill court dockets and ultimately prisons (Cook, 2008 ). With community corrections lacking sufficient increases in funding, keeping pace with the demands for services such as drug treatment and employment will be extremely difficult. The impact of shock probation when paired with prison boot camps. The first boot camps got their start in the states of Georgia and Oklahoma in 1983 (Harold A. Valentine, 1993). A great deal of attention was paid to these states programs and many other states and prison systems followed suit. The federal Bureau of prisons also invested in a separate boot camp designed especially for women, and by the year 1999 fifty boot camps operated in thirty states with nearly 4500 juveniles; however, by the end of 2000 many states had ended or radically cut back the size of their programs (Parent, 1997). During the height of boot camps success strict requirements were placed on the selection process and the eligibility of those selected and was carefully evaluated prior to being sent there. Positions in the program were often offered to offenders convicted of non-violent crimes such as drug offences or burglary and to those with non extensive criminal past. Using the shock probation format a camp generally lasted between 90 and 180 days (Parent, 1997), those d ropped or expelled from the program were either sent back to court for resentencing or finished the prison sentence. Upon successful completion of the program inmates are treated to a graduation ceremony in which military drills and discipline are displayed, and in most cases the families are encouraged to attend. Shock probation in the form of boot camp may all share a common name, corps values, and the basics of military discipline; however, the programs can differ dramatically. Some camps focus on hard labor and discipline while others place values on rehabilitation and treatment; still others place the center of priority on education. Different still are the ways offenders receive probation after the completion of the program, some provide drug treatment, vocational counseling, others provide short term housing (Parent, 1997). Whether the offender experiences an extensive probation or a traditional case, critics of boot camps worry about the offenders ability to transition from a highly structured environment to normal life in the community. When beginning this project I was not a supporter of either shock probation or correctional boot camps; however, in reading the testimonies of people that study and work in them I couldnt help but feel some sense of what was trying to be accomplished. Reading the stories of those who dedicate their lives in an effort to give a youth a better chance or an adult to correct the wrong in their life put these programs in a different light. The aspect of these programs that is so disappointing revolve around the recidivism rates, and the disappointing figures by the U.S Department of Justice 60 to 80% when compared to regular prison terms that are almost the same at 63 to 71%. Shock probation and correctional boot camps will remain a controversial issue in the prison system; however, the fact remains, overcrowding and improper rehabilitation continue to plague the system.

Story of Saint Hilarion Castle and Queen Regaena :: Byzantine Cyprus

Story of St. Hilarion Castle and Queen Regaena â€Å"Welcome to St. Hilarion, step forward into Queen Regaena’s chamber to receive your pay for your hard work and dedication!† As I step through the doorway, there is the alluring Queen Regaena just inside the open window of her chamber. I cross the room, and I unexpectedly feel the guards’ presence close in behind me. Suddenly, they grab me and force me through the open window. As the guards push me from the precipice outside the window, â€Å"Thank you again,† are the last words I hear, as I fall to my death in the valley below. The fairy tale-looking castle of St. Hilarion was built by the Byzantine queen, Regaena, the end of the 11th century. Queen Regaena was the most beautiful lady in the land of Cyprus, alas; she was also the most heartless and cruel. She was a greedy woman and desired to have the most beautiful and elaborate castle in all of Cyprus. Queen Regaena insisted on overseeing the construction of the castle herself. No detail was to be overlooked. In planning such a large and magnificent castle, Queen Regaena knew that she would need a large workforce. She gathered a large number of sturdy men from near and far and forced them to build her castle. She required the men to form lines, standing side by side, and pass the materials from man to man until they reached their assigned destination. This was difficult work since most of the materials had to be transported from the valley to the summit of the mountain. But goal was to complete the castle in Regaena’s lifetime so she could enjoy it. Finally, the glorious castle was completed and she named it St. Hilarion Castle. Its unsurpassed grandeur impressed all who beheld it. Queen Regaena should have been joyful at the completion of St. Hilarion, however, she was worried. Over the years, Queen Regaena had amassed a large fortune of gold and wealth in her family treasury. Her greatest fear was that the workers who constructed the castle would remember the hidden location of the royal treasure room. She sat in a chamber in the western wing of the castle and thought of a plan to prevent possible robbery. This particular chamber had a window which opened onto an enormous precipice and had a breathtaking view of the valley far below. Sitting at this window, she devised an evil plan to protect her treasure.

The Feasibility of Dried Tobacco Leaves as a Pesticide Against Cockroaches

THE FEASIBILITY OF DRIED TOBACCO LEAVES AS A PESTICIDE AGAINST COCKROACHESChapter I Abstract Tobacco plants  nowadays are very much needed and demanded by most of our dear consumers especially farmer and now that we are facing an intense economic crisis, and with that mere situation, the primary necessities which are very much needed by man in order for him to survive his daily living are now of higher prices compared to the last couple of years and that includes the demanding need and use of the liquefied petroleum gas or LPG. Because of the fact that this difficult situation happens, most of our dear consumers really do prefer using alternative briquettes for their different cooking purposes. The purpose of this study is to be able to produce a low-cost, attainable and alternative briquette. The researcher really wants to know if banana peelings can be a good source of briquettes. The researcher gathered all the materials needed in conducting the said experiment like the banana peelings, scratched papers, water, measuring cup, knife, platform balance, scissors, molders, matches, pen, and paper and conducted the said experiment step by step. Then the researcher came up with the results that the molder with water, banana peelings and papers showed the longest time of fire resistance after being lit. Therefore, using banana peelings as a source of briquettes is effective and through this, awe can be able to produce a low-cost, attainable and alternative source of briquette. The researcher recommended further study and other sources of fruit peelings. Background Of The Study The tobacco plant is a very popular material because it is one of the ingredients in making cigarettes. Tobacco is a herbaceous plant widely cultivated for it's leaves, which are rolled into cigars and also used in making pipes, process for chewing or grinding into pieces or snuff. Some commercial used tobacco leaves as one of its components. The tobacco plant is coarse, fast growing plant with a simple cylindrical stem from 4 to 8 ft. in length, growing from central taproots. Tobacco leaves has â€Å"nicotine†, a poisonous, colorless, oily, liquid, alkaloid with a very acid taste. Thus, making this a good pesticide against termites and many other insects. Pesticide are widely used nowadays by means of killing and controlling insects and other pests With this study, the researchers want to find out if the dried tobacco leaves is feasible as a pesticide Thus, helping them to avail and make this pesticide at home with less or cheaper money, time and effort. Statement Of The Problem This study aims to test whether the dried tobacco leaves is feasible as an pesticide. This is because tobacco plant is abundant here in the Philippines. The process in making this insecticide is simple and much cheaper than the commercial pesticide because its just a home- made pesticide. There are two set- ups in this study, which will use: dried tobacco leaves ( thinly sliced ), water, mortar and pestle and a spray container. This study aims to answer the following questions: 1. )What is in the tobacco leaves that it is feasible as a pesticide? 2. )Is the dries tobacco leaves effective as a pesticide? HYPOTHESES 1. )The tobacco leaves has nicotine which is an effective component in killing cockroaches. 2. )The dried tobacco leaves is effective as a pesticide against cockroaches. Significance Of The Study Nowadays, human beings make many inventions, for the betterment of human life. One of this, is the pesticide . This is to prevent insects from causing damage to may crops and other plants. Some insects are considered to be pests because it really causes damage to many farmlands. And also many pesticide are expensive. This study helps the Filipino people especially the farmers in making a home- made pesticide which is less expensive, and easy to make and you'll only exert less effort. Scope and Limitation This study tries to focus only in knowing if the dried tobacco leaves is feasible as a pesticide in killing insects especially cockroaches. Definition of Terms Tobacco Plant- is an herbaceous plant, widely cultivated for its leaves, which are rolled into cigars and also used in making pipes, process for chewing or grinding into pieces or snuff. * Nicotine- a poisonous, colorless, oily, liquid, alkaloid with a very acid taste. * Cockroach-  (or simply â€Å"roaches†) are  insects  of the order  Blattaria. This name derives from the  Latin  wor d for â€Å"cockroach†,  blatta. Chapter II Review Of Related Literature Cockroaches live in a wide range of environments around the world. Pest species of cockroaches adapt readily to a variety of environments, but prefer warm conditions found within buildings. Many tropical species prefer even warmer environments and do not fare well in the average household. The spines on the legs were earlier considered to be sensory, but observations of their locomotion on sand and wire meshes has demonstrated that they help in locomotion on difficult terrain. The structures have been used as inspiration for robotic legs. Cockroaches are most common in tropical and  subtropical  climates. Some species are in close association with human dwellings and widely found around garbage or in the kitchen. Cockroaches are generally  omnivorouswith the exception of the  wood-eating genus  Cryptocercus; these roaches are incapable of digestingcelluloseprotozoans  and  bacteria  that digest the cellulose, allowing them to extract the nutrients. themselves, but have symbiotic relationships with variousTobacco  is an  agricultural  product processed from the fresh  leaves  of plants in the genus  Nicotiana. It can be consumed, used as an organic pesticide, and in the form of nicotinetartrate  it is used in some medicines. [1]  In consumption it may be in the form of  smoking,  chewing,  snuffing,dipping tobacco, or  snus. Tobacco has long been in use as an  entheogen  in the Americas. However, upon the arrival of  Europeans  in North America, it quickly became popularized as a trade item and as a recreational drug. This popularization led to the development of the southern economy of the  United States  until it gave way to cotton. Following the  American Civil War, a change in demand and a change in labor force allowed for the development of the  cigarette. This new product quickly led to the growth of tobacco companies until the scientific controversy of the mid-1900s. Tobacco leaves has â€Å"nicotine†, a poisonous, colorless, oily, liquid, alkaloid with a very acid taste. Thus, making this a good pesticide against termites and many other insects. Pesticide are widely used nowadays by means of killing and controlling insects and other pests. A  pesticide  is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a  pest. [1]  A pesticide may be a  chemicalpest. Pests include  insects, plant  pathogens, weeds,  molluscs,  birds,  mammals,  fish, nematodes (roundworms) and  microbesthat compete with humans for food, destroy property, spread or are a  vector  for disease or cause a nuisance. Although there are benefits to the use of pesticides, there are also drawbacks, such as potential toxicity to humans and other animals. Thus dried tobacco leaves can be an effective pesticide against cockroaches. It has a foul smell that cockroaches don't like. If they smelled this foul smell, they will eventually die afterwards because it has nicotine which is poisonous. ( http://en. wikipidia. org/wiki/cockroaches/tobacco/pesticide Chapter III Methodology Materials and Equipment: In this study , the researcher  will be  needing 500g of dried tobacco leaves ( thinly- sliced ), 200  mL. f water , mortar and pestle , and a spray container . With this materials ,the researcher will be able to conduct the experiment . Procedure: The researcher will gather all the materials needed for the experiment . The dried tobacco leaves will be crush by the use of the mortar and pestle. 200  mL. of water will be added . Shake and mix the solution thoroughly . The solution will be put inside the spray container. Then it will be sprayed on cockroaches. The cockroaches will be put inside a closed box container and will be observed for 24 hours. Testing , observation and recording of data will follow . CHAPTER IV Results and Discussions A. Findings [pic] The table above is the summary of the three-replicated experiments. The researcher observed that container A has always the longest fire resistance compared to container B which was with water, banana peels but without papers and to container C which is the controlled group. In trial 3, the fire resistance lasted longer tan in trials 1 and 2, respectively. It shows that the amount of banana peels is made constant in order for the experiment ti be fair. B. Analysis Of Data he banana peelings have the advantage in terms of the measured fire resistance. The banana peelings mixed with water and papers measured 200 seconds while the banana peelings with water but without papers measured 104 seconds and the water with papers but without banana peelings measured 96. 3 seconds. CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Conclusion After conducting the experiment, the dried tobacco plant can be a good pesticide against cockroaches. And with that , it can minimized the consumers expenses in buying commercial pesticides. Recommendation The researcher highly recommend further study in the project especially to the use of other dried tobacco leaves.

Crusades

Crusades refers to a series of religious-based wars among the Jews, European Christians, and the Muslims, primarily initiated to exercise full control over certain places which were considered sacred by both religious groups. It is mostly held in places regarded as holy such as the Mecca, Churches and the Erected tents in the streets (Hindley 81). Basically, the major concerns of crusades were to promote the culture of peace, love and unity among the people, respect for one's life, transformation and shaping of the people's moral way of life and to preach salvation to both Christians and Non-Christians. It is organized and presided over by Bishops, Prophets, Priests, and Clerics etc. It involved shouting of certain spiritual messages along the corridors and preaching of the coming of the Messiah. Through crusades, Christians were urged to change their ways of life, repent their sins and turn away from their wrong deeds. However, the crusade aspect has been covered broadly by various historical writers. This paper, therefore, seeks to examine the various significant approaches employed by different writers on the subject matter, the difference in their points of views as well as the factors that might have led to their different thoughts. The origin of crusade can be traced far back in the year 1095 during the Urban II's preaching. Frank the Monk, a French writer, attended the council of Clermont and witnessed the first crusade which occurred in 1107 titled â€Å"The Deeds of the Franks† (Riley-Smith 82). The council was presided over by Pope Urban II and other Bishops in an open field due to a large number of people who could hardly fit in any of the buildings. Most approaches used by the writers include converging the people and encouraging them to fasten their spirits and have faith in God. They condemned the inhuman and hostility of landowners who killed innocent Christian lives and held some in captives (Rubenstein 109). Guibert of Nogent, on the other hand, argued that not unless the time of the nation is fulfilled, the city of Jerusalem will be destroyed by the people. He clarified further that, according to the Lord's gospel, only those who will carry their cross and follow Jesus will remain to be worthy. On the other hand, Albert of Aache, Rosenfeld, among others disagrees with their French counterparts over the preaching aspect of the crusade. Instead, they strongly advocated for Peter the Hermit, who was believed to be the inventor of the crusades. Peter the Hermit, was not pleased with the criminal acts and wicked deeds of the Christians in church. He knew it was wrong to still church offerings (Rubin 98). He knew such acts were filthy before the lord and was against all other immoral deeds. He was then sent on a mission by God to preach repentance message to the people before the coming of the lord. However, it is evident that the writers used different approaches in developing their crusade chronicles. Some of the factors that contributed to their difference in approaches include the background, scramble for holy land and other socio-cultural factors such as their religions. In conclusion, the use of crusades has become more common in the recent past. It has provided a platform through which the word of God can be preached to many in an open place with an aim of transforming people spiritually and building their faith in God. In the ancient past, various historical writers have channeled their significant approaches on crusades in which they have also differed in their thoughts on some points. Factors behind their disagreement include the religious issues, their backgrounds, and acquisition of certain portions of land regarded as holy.

Wilcoxon Signed

Wilcoxon Signed Introduction Wilcoxon signed-rank test is applicable while weighing against corresponding samples to evaluate whether there is a variation in their ranked population averages. In other words, Wilcoxon signed-rank tests are applied in samples that do not meet the requirements of the parametric tests. In most cases, the Wilcoxon signed-rank is used in the circumstances that the population is not normally distributed (Martinez, 2007).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Wilcoxon signed-rank can be used in the place of student paired t-test particularly when the sample means are small. The assumptions made while using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test enables it to be more accurate than the dependent variables t-test particularly when the sample means are small. However, when the paired sample means are large, the t-test for non-dependent variable would be a ppropriate. The definition of Wilcoxon test The Wilcoxon signed-rank test refers to a non-parametric statistical theory that is very significant in carrying out tests of two related models as well as repeated dimensions on individual samples to establish whether there are variations in their populace mean ranks (Gravetter Wallnau, 2009). Further, the test is also useful in assessing the differences existing between the population mean ranks of matched samples. Moreover, the analysis plays an alternative means of assessment to the paired Student’s test for corresponding pairs as well as the t-test for independent samples in the event that the populace is not normally distributed. In carrying out the Wilcoxon test, the statistics from the corresponding population are paired off. The test also applies random sampling of the independent pairs (Gravetter Wallnau, 2009). Moreover, an ordinal scale is vital in measuring the statistics following a normal distribution. In essence, t he hypothesis testing of non-parametric data is essential in assessing records that can be placed in a given order but lack the statistical figures. In fact, the test is invaluable in analyzing clientele fulfillment (Gravetter Wallnau, 2009). The invention of the Wilcoxon test Frank Wilcoxon, an American statistician developed the test in nineteen forty-five. The Wilcoxon test was put forward together with rank-sum test in order to examine two independent variables. In fact, frank Wilcoxon proposed that in the circumstances where two sample populations to be tested is small then the W-test is suitable since it is more accurate than the paired t-test (Gravetter Wallnau, 2009). Later statisticians approved the test for non-parametric variables. In other words, the non-parametric variables are dependent sample population that does not meet the parametric tests. Consequently, the test was later given the name Wilcoxon T-test or simply as T. However, the name was lat er changed to W or t-test for non-independent population samples (Gravetter Wallnau, 2009).Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When the Wilcoxon test is applicable The application of the Wilcoxon test is motivated by the improbability relating to the assumptions of normality in the t-test. For instance, Wilcoxon test is applicable in the situations that involve matched pairs as well as repeated dimension of similar items. Further, the Wilcoxon test is applied in the case where there are improper mean variations in the t-test (Gravetter Wallnau, 2009). In addition, the test remains indispensable in the circumstances when the distributions do not obey the normal essential suppositions. For example, in the normal parametric statistical procedures, the assumption is that the data will follow the uniform distributions. However, in the actual circumstances, the data do not follow the unifor m distribution. The test is also used when the variables are at least ordinal. In essence, the test is applied when similar participants carry out both situations for the study. In other words, the test is suitable for scrutiny of information that originates from recurring dimensional designs involving two situations. Further, the test is used when the statistics do not convene to the necessities for a parametric test (Gravetter Wallnau, 2009). In this regard, the test is suitable when the data are not distributed normally as well as when there are variations in marking the values of both the variances. In addition, for the Wilcoxon test to be carried out, the statistics must be measured on an ordinal scale. The sense behind conducting the test involves ranking the available figures to produce two order sums for individual situations. The methodical variation between the circumstances leads to placing the conditions with higher orders in one situation and the ones with lower ranks on the other situation (Jackson, 2009). Further, if the ranks are equivalent, then the orders are distributed in a similar array. The test is also significant in carrying out a single sample. For example, in conducting assessment on shopping centers, the use of Wilcoxon test is highly appropriate. In other words, in the study of several shops, the researcher would suppose that the respondents are probable to back up or object to questions put to them with an equal likelihood of half. In addition, when there is availability of various unrelated samples that require comparisons, the application of the Wilcoxon rank test is vital. When not to use the Wilcoxon test As indicated above the Wilcoxon test is used in the situations where the sample population is small. In the situations where the sampled population sizes are large, the Wilcoxon text cannot be applied (Cleves, 2008).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In other words, while studying two population samples that are not identical or corresponding and the samples are large then Wilcoxon test is not applicable. Instead, unpaired t-test is used. The reason why the unpaired t-test is not preferable is that type 1 error is likely to be yielded particularly in the circumstances when the population sample size is small (Cleves, 2008). In other words, the unpaired t-test is preferable in the situations when the sample population size is large. However, when the distribution is skewed and the sample population is large, then Wilcoxon can still be applied (Martinez, 2007). In essence, Wilcoxon test yield better results when the paired population sample being studied is small. When paired sample sizes are large, then the Wilcoxon cannot be applied and instead the single t-test is used to test the variables. According to Jackson (2009), Wilcoxon test can be used in the place of the paire d student t-test. Wilcoxon test is appropriate in the evaluation of data that are derived from the repeated measures. In addition, in the circumstances that the derived data does not meet the parametric test requirements or when the data are not distributed normally, then the Wilcoxon test is applied. The test assumptions For the Wilcoxon test to be appropriate, several assumptions are applied (Kirk, 2006). The first assumption is that the data must be matched and have to be drawn from the corresponding populace. Secondly, independent and random pairing must be attained. The final assumption is that the data has to be ordinal. However, the normal distribution of data is necessary but not a must requirement (Kirk, 2006). The Wilcoxon test formula As indicated, the Wilcoxon test assumes a formula that test the median of sample sizes of the paired numbers. The sample size should be small. The hypothesis is whether there are variations in the medians of the sample pairs (Martinez, 2007) . In other words, the unacceptable premise tests whether there is no existing deviations in the paired sample middle measure while the acceptable premise tests otherwise. To derive the formula N is understood to be the size of the sample or the amount of paired samples. Therefore, the total data sample equals to 2N. If i=1, †¦.., N and x1i and x2i is to represent the measurements, then Wilcoxon test (W) ={∑[sgn(x2i-x1i)*Ri]}. In the formula, sgn represent the sign function while Ri represent the ranks (Martinez, 2007). As indicated, the hypothesis to be tested using the formula is as follows H0: there are no median differences between the pairs H1: median differences exist Conclusion In most cases, the Wilcoxon tests will be appropriate when the section the population to be tested is small and the distribution is not normal. The Wilcoxon tests contrasts the ordinary tests where the population is large and the distribution is average. However, most of the statistical tes ts do not behave in the normal distribution. In fact, in Wilcoxon tests, the data is not normally distributed and the sample sizes are small.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, Wilcoxon tests are used in evaluating opinionated data as well as data that cannot be accurately measured. In other words, the measure is based on the nominal scale. Though data from opinions are normally difficult to measure, they are put in numerical scales that make it easier to be evaluated. In these kinds of data, there is no assumption that there is normal distribution. Therefore, Wilcoxon test would be appropriate. References Cleves, M. A. (2008). An introduction to survival analysis using stata. New York, NY: Stata Press. Gravetter, F. J. Wallnau, L. B. (2009). Statistics for the behavioral sciences. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Jackson, S. L. (2009). Statistics plain and simple. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Kirk, R. E. (2006). Statistics: An introduction. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Martinez, R. (2007). Diagnostics for choosing between Log-rank and Wilcoxon tests. Michigan, MI: ProQuest.

Management Research Exam Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management Research Exam Questions - Assignment Example Firstly, the ordinal scale of measurement is one that attempts to provide a ranking of different orders. For instance, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th would be considered as ordinal. Such a ranking and listing is useful in many cases as a means of providing a degree of perspective for the researcher/reader that would otherwise not be reflected. Similarly, nominal variables are those that are generally entirely qualitative. As such, the differential between one item and another is predicated first and foremost upon the names that they individually represent and the means through which comparison can be drawn based upon this. Examples of nominal ranking and variables can be understood with regards to style, genre, and or biology. Interval scales/variables are useful with regards to understanding a degree of difference. For instance, the temperature scale of Celsius would be a perfect example. One can clearly denote that a temperature shift from 20-40 degrees in Celsius would represent a situati on in which it becomes â€Å"twice as hot† as it was previously. As such, an interval scale need not only be applied to scientific measurement. As with so many of the other scales that exist throughout this discussion, an interval scale is also useful with regards to applying it in any litany of different situations. Finally, ratio type variables are useful in helping to measure or understand a type of differential between two otherwise non-comparable entities. Ratios are used in a great variety of different genres but are most specifically useful with regards to comparing impact or profitability of one group as compared to another. However, with that being said, ratios, although not used within the hard sciences to the same extent to which the other means of measurement are, can be effective in denoting the differential between two forms of measurement. Whereas it may seem as somewhat confusing what the reason and/or rational is behind all of these different forms of variabl es/measurement; however, the fact of the matter is that they all ultimately serve the same root purpose. This purpose is namely to allow the individual to categorize and define the broad levels of information that greet them during the course of the human experience. b. Discuss how each of them may be used in management research. Provide examples to support your discussion. A primary usage of the ordinal scale would be with regards to comparing and contrasting work performance based upon those that have been able to exhibit a very high percentage of efficiency/profitability or utility for the firm or organization in question. This ordinal scale is useful within the realm of management but should not be overused as there are unique human emotions and dynamics that tend to get lost when one focuses specifically upon a ranking of individuals or work goals that can be compared to one another. Ultimately, even though the ordinal scale is useful, the practitioner should seek to vary their approach to using this scale due to the fact that overuse would lend itself to something of a type of scientific management. The use of nominal variables is especially helpful with respect to allowing a particular stakeholder to understanding the realities of the work that is being performed. As compared to ordinal scales or variables, nominal ones do not require that an individual categorize or compare themselves based upon a ranking. Rather, the numbers

Techniques available for Resource allocation and aggregation in Essay

Techniques available for Resource allocation and aggregation in Construction Project Management - Essay Example Resource management is more important in construction Management because common resources are utilized for different projects and it is essential that Project Scheduling be done keeping the resources availability into consideration. The project planning should be resource oriented scheduled. When we talk about resources for construction industry we will confine ourselves with human resources, financial resources and machinery and equipments. It is a common phenomenon that all projects suffer from resource constraint, abundant resources are not available at the disposal of the managers, nor is it desirable. The management skill lies with the optimum utilization of resources and that is possible only in case of resource constraints. Take example for an organization where simultaneously multiple projects are into operation, the available manpower, Machinery and Equipment needs to be properly deployed and needs to be planned along with the project plan so that same machineries can be used in all the projects. Skilled manpower also can be shared by the projects by simply proper planning of the projects. The activities of each of the projects needs to be scheduled in such a way that deployment of the skilled manpower and machinery is synchronized. The project scheduling exercise should include the resource scheduling also. Here we will first discuss the process of decision-making followed by the techniques available for resource allocation and aggregatio